Genus: Tyrannosaurus OSBORN, 1905
Etymology: Greek, tyrannos, “tyrant” and Greek, sauros “lizard”:
Tyrannt lizard.
= Dinotyrannus OLSHEVSKY, FORD & YAMAMOTO, 1995
Etymology: Greek, deinos, “terrible” and Greek, tyannos, “king”:
Terrible king.
= Dynamosaurus OSBORN, 1905
Etymology: Greek, dynamis, "power" and Greek, sauros, "lizard."
Species: rex OSBORN, 1905
Etymology: Greek, rex, "the king": “Tyrant lizard, the King”.
Holotype: CM 9380 (Formerly AMNH 973) Note: Incorrecly listed as 9340 by Paul et al, 2022.
Locality: Quarry 1, near Jordan, Garfield County, Montana.
Horizon: Hell Creek Formation, 220 feet above the Bearpaw Shale.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian age, upper Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material: Partial skull and mandible, right? ectopterygoid missidentified as a right postorbital, one cervical, seven dorsals, five sacrals, three abdominal ribs, right scapula, left humerus, ilia, pubes, ischia, left femur and part of right, tibia, right metatarsals II, and III, left metatarsal IV of a robust individual.
Note: Has erosive lesions, probably from Trichomonas gallinae-like protozoan on the dentary (WOLFF, SALISfgBURY, HORNER & VARRICCHIO, 2009). Lesion description: Round, tapered edge, rim remodelling.
Note: Also has evidence of face bitting (WOLFF, SALISBURY, HORNER & VARRICCHIO, 2009).
A, B) Humerus, A) external, and B) posteriro views; C, D) Femur, C) posterior and D) lateral views after Osborn, 1906.
Pelvis after Osborn, 1906.
Referred material:
CM 9379 (Formerly AMNH 5029): Occiput and Brain case, sectioned.
Note: Has erosive lesions, probably from Trichomonas gallinae-like protozoan on the dentary (WOLFF, SALISBURY, HORNER & VARRICCHIO, 2009). Lesion description: Round rectangle, tapered edge, remodelled.
Locality: Glasgow, Montana.
Horizon: Hell Creek Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian age, upper Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material:
BMNH R7995 (Formerly AMNH 5881): Femur, right and left tibiae, metatarsal I left, right and left metatarsal II, Metatarsal 1V, and abdominal ribs.
Note: Slightly smaller than the type.
Locality: Converse County, WyomingHorizon: Lance Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian age, upper Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material:
AMNH 5117: Occiput, pterygoid, hyoid, and brain case of an juvenile.
Locality: Lance Creek, Niobrara County, Wyoming.Horizon: Lance Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian age, upper Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material:
CM 244: A phalanx.
GILMORE, 1920
USNM 2110: Metatarsal IV of the right foot missing proximal end.
Locality: Location V75172, Shell Hill, Garfield County, Montana.Horizon:
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Late Cretaceous.
Material:
UCMP 124488: Tooth.
Locality: Southeastern Montana.Horizon:
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Late Cretaceous.
Material:
University of Wisconsin-Madison: 2/3 back part of the skull, pelvis, vertebrae, ribs and toe bones.
ANONYMOUS, 1993Locality:
Horizon:
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Late Cretaceous.
Material:
UCMP: Teeth marks on a piece of the pelvis of a Triceratops.
ANONYMOUS, 1994/TOKARYK, 1985, 2001, 2002, TOKARYK & BYRANT, 2004
Locality: SMNH Locality 72F07-0023, in the Frenchman River valley, 215 miles southwest of Regina, Chambery Coulee, southeast of Eastend, near the North Dakota Border, Saskatchewan Province, Canada.
Horizon: Frenchman Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian age, upper Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Note: 28.3 m below the K-T boundary.Material:
RSM (SMNH P) 2523.8 (Scotty): Nearly complete skull missing both palatines, epipterygoids, splenials, coronoids, left angualr and about a third of its teeth, 40 cervical, dorsal and caudal vertebrae, 16 dorsal ribs, 1 scapula, 1 manus phalange, right femur, right tibia, right fibula, both ilia, ischia, pubes, 1 metatarsal adn several pes phalanges.
Note: Grooves on the surface of the maxillah may have been made by teeth, possible manus claw marks/grooves on the nasal bones (ROTHSCHILD, 2013).
Note: Much of the specimen is still unprepared.
New reconstruction after Rhys Meyerkort.
Note: A large coprolite was found near this specimen. Found in the coprolite are some bone fragments of a hadrosaur.
ANONYMOUS, 1997Locality: South Dakota.
Horizon: Lance Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian age, upper Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material:
DIS 101: Fragmentary skull, and fragmentary skeleton.
Anonomyus (https://www.burkemuseum.org/news/meet-tufts-love-t-rexs-biggest-little-fans)
Locatity: Montana.
Horizon: Hell Creek Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian age, upper Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material:
Burke Museum (Tufts-love T. rex):
BAKKER, WILLIAMS & CURRIE, 1988
Locality: Corson County, South Dakota.Horizon: Lance Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian age, upper Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material:
SMNH P2523.8: Five juvenile teeth.
BJORK, 1985Locality: Ruby Site, Northeastern Butte County, South Dakota.
Horizon: Hell Creek Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian age, upper Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material:
Number: Not given:
BURGE, 1997 (pers com)
Locality: Utah.
Horizon: North Horn Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian age, upper Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material:
Number: Not given: Teeth, fragmentary skull and fragmentary skeleton.
BURNHAM, ROTHSCHILD & NUDDS, 2022
Locality: Whitney Ranch, Niobrara County, Woming.
Horizon: Hell Creek Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian age, upper Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material:
AWMM-IL 2022.9: Left angular, left postorbital, right squamosal, prearticular, right ilium, right ischium, caudal vertebra 1-7, dorsal vertebra 1-14, Haemal arch, 3, 5, left dorsal rib 4, 9, 8, left femur, left shaft and proximal end of left fibula, left ischium, left metatarsals 3, 4, left pubis, left scapula, left tibia, right tibia, right astragalus, right dorsal rib 5, 6, right femur, right fibula, right metatarsal 3, 4, right pubis sacral vertebra 1, 2, 5, right metatarsal 1, left metatarsal 1, left metatarsal 2, right dorsal rib 4, rib head and section of iliac blade.
Note: Has a set of parallell tooth marks, Knethichnus paralleum, on femora.
Note: Paleopathology on the articualr surfaces of the ischium, femur and the astragalus has 2 lesions on the ascending process.
CARPENTER, 1979
Locality: Locality 4 (CARPENTER & YOUNG, 2002), Weld County, Colorado.
Horizon: Laramie Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian age, upper Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material:
UCM 38804: Partial tooth.
= Aublysodon mirandus CARPENTER, 1982
Locality: UCMP V-5711, Bushy Tailed Blowout, Quarry area includes the floor of a small blowout approximately 10 yards northwest of the highest point on the ridge forming the northeastern side of the blowouts of loc. V-5003, S 1/2, Sec. 20, T37N, R64W, Lance Creek, Powder River Basin, Niobrara County, Wyoming.
Horizon: Lance Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian age, upper Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material:
UCM 43447: Tooth of a baby.
Locality: UCMP V-5622, Niobrara County, Wyoming.
Horizon: Lance Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian age, upper Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material:
UCM 37878, 43447, UCMP 73101, 85141, 124993, 124995, 124996, 125229, 125230, 125233, 125234, 125237: Teeth.
UCMP 73091: Tooth of a baby.
Locality: UCMP V-5165, Montana.
Horizon: Hell Creek Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian age, upper Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material:
UCMP 124367: Tooth of a baby.
Locality: UCMP V-5620, Lull Quarry, near the head of a tributary of Buck Creek, Powder River Basin, Niobrara County (Formerly Converse County), Wyoming.
Horizon: Lance Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian age, upper Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material:
UCMP 124399: Tooth of a baby.
Locality: UCMP V-3087, Montana.
Horizon: Hell Creek Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian age, upper Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material:
UCMP 124406, 124978, 124980, 124981, 124982: Teeth of babies.
UCMP 124406
UCMP 124979, 124994: Teeth.
Locality: Montana.
Horizon: Hell Creek Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian age, upper Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material:
RTMP 87.112.33, 87.114.7: Teeth.
Locality: Arapahoe County, Colorado.
Horizon: Denver Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian age, upper Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material:
UCM 38060: Tooth.
Locality: San Juan County, New Mexico.Horizon: Naashoibito Member, Latest Kirtland Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian age, uppermost Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material:
KU 12419: Tooth.
Locality: Ruby Deposit, Northeastern Butte County, South Dakota.
Horizon: Hell Creek Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian age, upper Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material:
Field No:? SDSM 8354/PRB8775: Skull and much of the skeleton.
CARPENTER & YOUNG, 2002
Locality: Locality 32, South Table Mountain, Denver Basin, Colorado.
Horizon: Denver Fromation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Late Maastrichtian Stage, Late Senonian Stage, Late Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material:
YPM 4192: Tooth.
Locality: Locality 20, Denver Basin, Colorado.
Horizon: Denver Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Late Maastrichtian Stage, Late Senonian Stage, Late Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material:
DMNH 32825: Tooth.
Locality: Locality 21, Denver Basin, Colorado.
Horizon: Denver Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Late Maastrichtian Stage, Late Senonian Stage, Late Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material:
DMNH 32825: Tooth.
Locality: Locality 22, Denver Basin, Colorado.
Horizon: Denver Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Late Maastrichtian Stage, Late Senonian Stage, Late Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material:
UCM 36303: Tooth.
cf. Tyrannosaurus rex CARR, de SANTIS, WOJAHN, BROWN & OGLE, 2007
Locality: Carter County, Montana.
Horizon: Hell Creek Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian age, upper Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material:
DDM 35: Left frontal, partial radius?, right tibia, pedal phalanx.
CARR & WILLIAMSON, 2000
Locality: New Mexico.
Horizon: Naashoibito Member, Latest Kirtland Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian age, uppermost Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material:
NMMNH P-7199: Partial left dentary, tooth fragments and a partial vertebra.
Tyrannosaurus rex (modified from CARR & WILLIAMSON, 2000), NMMNH P-7199.
DALMAN, 2013
Locality: Buck Creek, 37 km north of Lusk, Niobara County, Wyoming.
Horizon: Lance Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian age, upper Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material:
YPM VP 057488, 057488B: 1 isolated digia pedal phalanges II-2 and III-2 of the left foot.
Locality: Niobara County, Wyoming.
Horizon: Lance Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian age, upper Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material:
USNM 8064:
UCRC PV1:
"Lee rex":
Locality: Big Horn County, Wyoming.
Horizon: Lance Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian age, upper Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material:
YPM VPPU 016516:
DePALMA, BURNHAM, MARTIN, ROTHSCHILD & LARSON, 2013
Locality: Harding County, South Dakota.
Horizon: Hell Creek Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian age, upper Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material:
Number: Not given: 2 fused distal caudal vertebrae with a Tyrannosaurus rex tooth still embeded.
DERSTLER, 1994Locality: Wyoming.
Horizon: Lance Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian age, upper Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material:
Commercial collector: dorsal vertebrae.
1991 UNO Lance Dinosaur Expedition: A distal end of a juvenile metatarsal.
Private collector: Several vary large foot bones.
DERSTLER, 1995Locality: Dragons’ Grave, Niobrara County, Wyoming.
Horizon: Lance Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian age, upper Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material:
Number: Not given: Shed teeth.
DERSTLER & MYERS, 2005
Locality: Swanson Ranch, Northern Niobrara County, Wyoming.
Horizon: Lance Formation, about 800 feet below the KT boundary.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian age, upper Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous near the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary.
Material:
LDP #977-2 (Pete): 2 short strings of articulated cervical and dorsal vertebrae, plust an assortment of ribs and gastralia, from a large field of weathered debris extended downslope from the fossil, including scraps of hindlimbs, girdles, ribs, large vertebrae and 1 distal caudal.
EIN, 1993
Locality: Remote ranch in Wyoming.
Horizon: Lance Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian age, upper Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material:
Number: Not given: Tip of a tooth found with the bones of “Kevin” Triceratops skeleton.
Locality: Dragon’s Grave, Remote ranch in Wyoming.Horizon: Lance Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian age, upper Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material:
Number: Not given: Fragmentary teeth found with several Edmontosaurus skeletons.
ERICKSON, 2017Locality: Triceratops Quarry, Garfield County, Montana.
Horizon: Hell Creek Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian age, upper Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material:
SMM: Metatarsal.
ESTES, 1964
Locality: Powder River Basin, Wyoming.
Horizon: Lance Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian age, upper Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material:
Number: Not given: Isolated fragments of teeth.
HECHT, 1997
Locality: Near Fort Peck, Montana.
Horizon: Hell Creek Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian age, upper Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material:
Number: Not given: Fragmentary skull and fragmentary skeleton.
GLUT, 2006
Locality: Montana.
Horizon: Hell Creek Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian age, upper Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material:
Number: Not given: Fragmentary skeleton.
Note: Has skin impressions.
HOLRYOD & HUTCHISON, 2002
Locality: V 86097, western North Dakota.
Horizon: Hell Creek Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian age, upper Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material:
172228:
Locality: V 86101, western North Dakota.Horizon: Hell Creek Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian Age, upper Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian Subepoch, Upper Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material:
172366:
HORNER pers comm.
Locality: Badlands, Montana.
Horizon:
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Late Cretaceous.
Material:
MOR: Fragmentary skull and fragmentary skeleton.
Note: This is a gracile animal.
JACOBSON & STROKA, 1995Locality: Near Lemmon, Northwestern South Dakota.
Horizon: Hell Creek Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian age, upper Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material:
University of Illinois: Shed tooth.
JANKE, 1996 & (SOTHERBY’S) ANONYMOUS, 1997Locality: South Dakota.
Horizon: Hell Creek Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian age, upper Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material:
County rex: Partial skeleton.
South Dakota School of Mines & Technology Museum, Rapid City, South Dakota. 25% complete specimen.
Locality: Montana.Horizon:
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Late Cretaceous.
Material:
University of Wisconsin: 10 percent of skeleton.
LANGSTON 1955 Field Notes.
Locality: Lac Pellebir-Eastend, Saskatchewan Province, Canada.
Horizon:
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Late Cretaceous.
Materiel:
Number: Not given: Toe Bone.
LANGSTON, 1955 Field Notes.
Locality: Frenchman river valley southeast of Eastend, Saskatchewan Province, Canada.
Horizon: Frenchman Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian age, upper Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material:
Number: Not given: Toe Bones.
LARSON, P., 1997 Pers. Com.
Locality: South Dakota.
Horizon: Hell Creek Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian age, upper Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material:
Kansas University:
Note: Male.
Locality: South Dakota.
Horizon: Hell Creek Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian age, upper Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material:
BHI “Foxy”: Fragmentary skull and skeleton.
Note: Female nearly as large as “Sue”.
LARSON, N., 2008
Locality: Jennings Floden Ranch, near Zeona, Butte County, South Dakota.
Horizon: Hell Creek Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian age, upper Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material:
SDSM 12047 (Mud Butte T. rex): Nearly complete skull, missing only the premaxillae, has both dentaries, the right angular, and the right coronoid, 3 ribs, and has a complete section of the tail from the 15th to the 34th caudal including the chevrons.
Locality: Donald Zimmershied Ranch, near the Jump-off, Harding County, South Dakota.
Horizon: Hell Creek Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian age, upper Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material:
Samson (Z-rex, Mr. Z., Mr. Zed): Nearly complete skull, 9 cervical and 7 dorsal vertebrae, 2 cervical and 10 dorsal ribs, 17 caudals, at least 4 chevrons, both femora, left fibula, abundant tibia pieces, 3 metatarsals, and 20 pes phalanges.
Note: A large portion of the left lacrimal has been ripped away, exposing the underlying sinus,and a large surangualr defect, possible made by a pedal claw (ROTHSCHILDS, 2013).
Locality: Near Rhame, Bowman County, North Dakota.
Horizon: Hell Creek Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian age, upper Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material:
Pioneer Trials Museum, Bowman, North Dakota: Ribs, vertebrae, the distal end of the scapula and gastralia.
Locality: Jon, Betty, and David Niemi Ranch, near Buffalo, Harding County, South Dakota.
Note: About 1 quarter mile from the Stan excavation site.Horizon: Hell Creek Formation, about 16 m beneath the K-T boundary.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian age, upper Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material:
BHI 4100 (Duffy): Both maxillae, right premaxilla, nasals, both lacrimals, left postorbital, both quadrates, both jugals, left squamosal, both quadratojugals, left pterygoid, both palatines, left ectopterygoid, right epipterygoid, both dentaries, right surangular, right prearticular, right splenial, right coronoid, a partial braincase, 49 loose rooted teeth, both scapulae, both coracoids, 1 astragalus, right ischium, 8 caudals, 13 dorsals, cervical vertebrae, 9 dorsal ribs and 6 cheverons.
Note: About 50 loose teeth were found along with the specimen.
Locality: Near Ekalaka, Carter County, Montana.
Horizon: Hell Creek Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian age, upper Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material:
UWGM 181: Left and right dentary, right surangular, splenial, right maxilla, left postorbital, right postorbital, right frontal (with attached prefrontal, parietal, and laterosphenoid), right jugal, rigth quadratojugal, right quadrate, and tentatively, partial pterygoid, squamosal, prearticular and 3 vertebrae.
Number: Not given (OTTO): Both femora, both tibia, 2 metatarsals, 1 figula, multiple cervical and dorsal ribs, and multiple caudal vertebrae.
Locality: Near Marmouth, Slpe County, North Dakota.
Horizon: Hell Creek Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian age, upper Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material:
BHI 6219 (007, Double-O-Seven): Both maxillae, both premaxillae, parts of the dentary, 1 vertebrae, 1 dorsal rib, 1 metatarsal, 1 pes phalange, the distal end of the left humerus, parts of a tibia and fibula.
Locality: Near the headwaters of Seven Mile Creek, north of the Cheyenne River, Niobrara County, Wyoming.
Horizon: Lance Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian age, upper Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material:
Number: Not given: (depository unknown) (Barnum): Both maxillae, left jugal, left ectopterygoid, right squamosal, left dentary, surangular, articular, 1 cervical, 4 dorsals, 2 caudal vertebrae, 9 dorsal ribs, some gastralia, 6 metatarsals, 3 pes phalanges, left ilium, left ischium, left pubis, incomplete right pubis, left femur, incomplete right femur, left tibia, left fibula, astragalus, calcaneum, partial left scapula, left humerus and manus claw.
Locality: Land belonging to Harding County, located within the pasture of Lloyd, Eunice, and Russell Fox, near Redig, Short Pine Hills, Harding County, South Dakota.
Horizon: Hell Creek Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian age, upper Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material:
BHI 4182 (Fox, Foxy Lady, County rex): Left postorbital, right quadratojugal, right ectopterygoid, both dentaries, both surangulars, both articulars, both prearticulars, both angulars, both splenials, both coronodis, 43 loose rooted teeth, 2 cervical, 1 dorsal, 3 caudal vertebrae, 5 dorsal ribs, and 2 cervical ribs.
Locality: Harding County, South Dakota.
Horizon: Hell Creek Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian age, upper Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material:
Tinker (no depository): Both premaxillae, left maxillae, both quadratojugals, right palaitne, left jugal, qudrate, squamosal, pterygoid, a parietal, part of 1 nasal, left dentary, both articulars, both coronoids, right surangular, left prearticular, angular, splenial, 20 partial caudal vertebrae, 12 chevrons, 5 dorsal and 2 cervical ribs, numerous rib fragments, both pubes, both ilia incomplete, left ischia, parts of both scapula, right coracoid, right humerus, incomplete left humeurs, manus and pes claws of a juvenile.
Locality: Southeast of Ekalaka, Carter County, Montana.
Horizon: Hell Creek Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian age, upper Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material:
Ollie (Rex A): Left maxillae, both premaxilae, both postorbitals, both quadrates, left jugal, both pterygoids, a partial braincase, both femora, both tibia, both fibulae, both astragalia and calcanea, 2 metatarsals, several phalanges, 1 ischia, the left pubis, right ilium, right scapula, both humeri, right radius, right ulna, several cervical vertebrae, multiple dorsal and caudal vertebrae, many cervical and dorsal ribs, and several cheverons.
Locality: Northeast of Isabel, Corson County, South Dakota.
Horizon: Hell Creek Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian age, upper Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material:
Rex B (Triceratops-Alley T. rex): Left maxilla, left premaxilla, left quadrate, left quadratojugal, both lacrimals, nasals, left ectopterygoid, braincase with disarticulated nonfused frontals, right scapula, right coracoid, 1 rib, several numerous fragmented bones, and several unprepared skull bones.
Rex C: Right maxilla, right premaxilla, right surangular, right articular, right splenial, right (?) tibia, right astragalus (calcaneum?), both fibulae, 2 pes phalanges, right ischia, 1 cervical, 2 dorsal, 2 caudal vertebrae, 1 cheveron, and several bones of unidentified parts.
Locality: Northern Niobrara County, Wyoming.
Horizon: Lance Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian age, upper Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material:
BIOPSI:(Monty): Braincase, nasals, right maxilla, lacrimal, postorbital, quadratojugal, squamosal, both quadrates, both pterygoids, left premaxilla, jugal, surangular, 4 cervical, 2 dorsal, 3 caudal vertebrae, 12 dorsal ribs, 4 gastralia, pubis, partial ilium, 1 pes phalange, ulna? and several bones still in jackets.
Locality: South of the Fort Peck Lake, Garfield County, Montana.
Horizon: Base of the Hell Creek Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian age, lower Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material:
MOR 1126 (C-rex): Left prearticular, surangular, 20 dorsal ribs of varying completeness, 2 partial dorsal vertebrae and a cheveron. Note: Has toothmarks on skeleton (LONGRICH, HORNER, ERICKSON & CURRIE, 2010)
Locality: A few kilometers south of teh Zerbst ranch house on Schneider Creek, a branch of the Cheyenne River, Niobrara County, Wyoming.
Horizon: Lance Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian age, upper Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material:
UCRC PV1: Both pectorals girdles, forelimbs, furcula, gastral basket, ribcage, cervical-dorsal column.
Locality: Near the Fort Peck Lake, Garfield County, Montana.
Horizon: Base of the Hell Creek Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian age, lower Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material:
MOR 1152 (F-rex): Leg, pelvis, posterior ribs, some posterior dorsal vertebrae, a metatarsal, 7 caudal vertebrae and 4 chevrons.
Locality: South of Fort Peck Lake, Charles M. Russell National Wildlife Refuge, Garfield County, Montana.
Horizon: Hell Creek Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian age, lower Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material:
MOR/USNM (N-rex): Incomplete dentary, angular, 1 cervical vertebrae, 2 cervical ribs, 2 dorsal spines, 2 dorsal ribs, 3 caudal vertebrae, 3 chevrons, weathered ilium, ischium, pubes, right leg, and articulated nearly complete foot.
Locality: Don and Allison Wyrick Ranch, north of Baker, Fallon County, Montana.
Horizon: Hell Creek Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian age, lower Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material:
HMNS 2006.1743.1 (old BHI 6230) (Wyrex): Partial braincase, right squamosal, postorbital, jugal, surangular, articular, prearticular, angular, 2 nearly complete legs and feet (lacking to date [2008] the left tibia, astragalus, calcanieum, 1 left tarsal, both metatarsal 1, and 5 pes phalanges from the right foot), 5 dorsal, 1 cervical, 11 caudal vertebrae, 5 cervical, 15 dorsal ribs, both ischia, right pubis, right ilium, left scapula, coracoid, humerus, ulna, carpals, all 3 metacarpals, and 17 gastralia.
Note: Skin impression.
Note: Possible manual claw hole on the jugal (ROTSHSCHILD, 2013).
Locality: BLM land near Ekalka, Carter County, Montana.
Horizon: Hell Creek Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian age, lower Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material:
LACM 7509.150167 (Thomas): Braincase, postorbital, both jugals, squamosal, quadratojugal, quadrate, lacrimal, both frontals, both maxillae, ectopterygoid, both dentaries, and at least one set of articulated postdentary bones, 30-35 loose teeth and a few more in situ, complete legs and feet (missing 1 metatarsal and some phalanges), a few dorsals, the sacrum, 20 caudal vertebrae, many ribs, gastralia, both ilia, sichia, both scapulae, and both coracoids.
Locality: South of Rhame, southwest Bowman County, South Dakota.
Horizon: Hell Creek Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian age, lower Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material:
Number: Not given (Wayne): 19 caudal, 1 dorsal vertebrae, 2 chevrons, several ribs (and/or gastralia) segments, pluse some ther unidentified bones.
Locality: North of Buffalo, northwest Harding County, South Dakota.
Horizon: Hell Creek Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian age, lower Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material:
MOWT L07-023-001 (Ivan): Nearly complete pelvis, with the top half eroded of paired ilia, paired ischia, paired pubes articulated to sacrum, femur, tibia, fibula, astragalus, 2 metatarsals and 6 pes phalanges, fused sacapula coracoid, 15 cervical and dorsal vertebrae, approximately 25 cervical and dorsal ribs (including some gastralia), approximately 25 caudal vertebrae, and estimated 30 chevrons.
LERBEKMO, SINGH, JARZEN & RUSSELL, 1979/RUSSELL & SINGH, 1978Locality: In a coulee tributary in the Red Deer River valley, 7 miles east of Huxley, NW 1/4, Sect. 10, Tp.34, R.22, W4, Kneehill County, Alberta Province, Canada.
Horizon: 6m below a referred Triceratops albertensis and 10.5m below the Nevis coal seam, Scollard Formation, Uppermost Edmonton Group.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian Age, uppermost Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material:
NMC 9554: Fragmentary cervical.
NMC 9950 (Now part of TMP 81.12.1): Pedal phalanx.
LIPKIN, & SERENO, 2004, LIPKIN, SERENO & HORNER, 2007
Locality: Wyoming.
Horizon: Lance Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian age, upper Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material:
UCRC V1: Articulated postcranial skeleton.
Note: Has furcula.
LONGRICH, HORNER, ERICKSON, & CURRIE, 2010
Locality: Montana.
Horizon: Hell Creek Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian age, upper Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material:
UCMP 137538: Pedal phalanx. Note: Has toothmarks from a Tyrannosaurus rex.
MOR 1126: Fragmentary skeleton. Note: Has toothmarks from a Tyrannosaurus rex.
MOR 1602: Metatarsal III. Note: Has toothmarks from a Tyrannosaurus rex.
LUCAS, MATEER, HUNT, & O'NEILL, 1987Locality: San Juan Basin, New Mexico.
Horizon: Naashoibito Member, Latest Kirtland Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian age, uppermost Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material:
UNM FKK-076: Tooth.
LUPTON, GABRIEL & WEST, 1980
Locality: McCone County, Montana.
Horizon: Hell Creek Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian age, upper Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material:
Number: Not given: Five teeth, a distal metapodial, a phalanx, and a vertebral fragment.
McLAIN, NELSEN, SNYDER, GRIFFIN, SIVIERO, BRAND &CHADWIK, 2018
Locality: Niobrara County, eastern Wyoming.
Horizon: Lance Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian age, upper Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material:
SWAU HRS12997: A partial right metatarsal IV.
Note: With toothmarks Knethichnus parallelum.
McMANNIS, 1965
Locality: Montana.
Horizon: Livingston Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian age, upper Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material:
Number: Not given:
MOLNAR, 1991Locality: Crooked Creek, Montana.
Horizon: Hell Creek Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian age, upper Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material:
AMNH 5005: Cranial fragments and fibula.
Note: Juvenile/subadult.
Locality: Unknown.
Horizon: Unknown.
Biostratigraphy:
Age:
Material:
AMNH 5881: Femur, tibia, fibula and phalanges.
Locality:
Horizon:
Biostratigraphy:
Age:
Material:
RTMP 82.50.11: Large right maxilla.
Locality: Montana.
Horizon: Hell Creek Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian age, upper Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material:
UCMP 131583: Maxilla and dentaries.
?OSBORN, 1917Locality: Montana.
Horizon: Hell Creek Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian age, upper Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material:
AMNH 5050:
RAMIEREZ-VELASCO, & HERNANDEZ-RIVERA, 2015
(Serrano-Branes et al., 2014)
Locality: Not mentioned, Naco-Cananea, Sonora State, Mexico.
Horizon: Lomas Colorades Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Maastrichtian Stage, Uppermost Senonian Subepoch, Upper Galf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Mateiral:
ERNO 8549-8552: Teeth.
SNYDER, McLAIN, WOOD & CHADWICK, 2020
Locality: Hanson Ranch (HR), northern Niobrara County, Eastern Wyoming.
Horizon: Lance Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian age, upper Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material:
Number: Not given: 56 skeletal elements.
SPENCER, TURNER & CHADWICK, 2001
Locality: Niobrara County, Wyoming.
Horizon: Lance Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian age, upper Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material:
Number: Not given: Teeth.
STENERSON & O’CONNER, 1994Locality: Northwestern South Dakota.
Horizon: Hell Creek Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian age, upper Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material:
Number: Not given: Phalange of a juvenile.
STEIN, 2021
Locality: Tooth Draw Deposit, Butte County, South Dakota.
Horizon: Hell Creek Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian age, upper Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material:
PARC-TD-11-094/FDM-xx?: Left dentary.
Note: With bite marks and/or infection with rasied scar tissue on its lower anterior end and another cluster of pathologic inguries with raisd scar tissue found in a line at the caudal end.
TD-19-171: Adult premaxillary tooth.
TD-13-172: Juvenile left dentary tooth.
TD-13-251: Premaxillary tooth.
TD-12-105: Left rear maxillary tooth.
TD-18-021: Left rear dentary tooth.
TD-16-243: Adult left dentary tooth.
Number: Not given: 255 isolated teeth.
STOKOSA, 2005
Locality: Eastern Wyoming.
Horizon: Lance Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian age, upper Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material:
SDSM 15115: Premaxillary tooth fragment.
cf. Tyrannosaurus rex
SDSM 15135: Tooth tip.
SDSM 64287: Whole tooth.
Locality: Northwestern South Dakota.
Horizon: Hell Creek Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian age, upper Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material:
SDSM 64351: Tooth.
TYSON, 1997Locality: Montana.
Horizon: Hell Creek Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian age, upper Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material:
University of Notre Dame: Fragmentary skull and fragmentary skeleton.
Note: Pubis is 133 cm long, the article has Tyrannosaurus imperator?
WHITEMORE, 1988Locality: SDSM Locality V851, Zerbst Locality, east of the Cheyenne River, Niobrara County, Wyoming.
Horizon: Lance Formation.Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian age, upper Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material:
SDSM 15115: 1 tooth.
SDSM 15117: 1 tooth fragment.
WROBLEWSKI,1998Locality: Western Hanna Basin, Carbon County, South-central Wyoming.
Horizon: Ferris Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian age, uppermost Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material:
Number: Not given:
Also
= Aublysodon mirandus WROBLEWSKI,1998
YOUNG, 2005
Locality: Lennar Homes Subdivision, near Denver, Denver County, Colorado.
Horizon: Denver Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian age, upper Maastrichtian Stage, Upper Senonian Subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material:
Number: Not given: Tooth.
YUN, 2019
Locality:
Horizon:
Biostratigraphy:
Age:
Material:
NSM PV 23851, 23852: 2 teeth.
INM-4-385:
Locality: Montana.
Horizon: Lance Formation.
Biostatigraphy:
Age: Lancian Age, Late Maastrichtian Stage, Senonian Subepoch, Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material:
KPM-NNV101014: Tooth.
= Manospondylus gigas COPE, 1892 (nomen dubium)
Etymology: Latin, gigan, "giant."Holotype: AMNH: 3892
(Cope Collection)Locality: Not given by Cope, But state verbally to Marsh and Lull that they were found in South Dakota.
Horizon: Lance Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian age, upper Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material: Two dorsal centrum.
= Aublysodon amplus MARSH, 1892
Etymology: Latin, amplus, "large."
= Deinodon amplus (MARSH 1892) KUHN, 1939
= Manospondylus amplus (MARSH 1892)
= Tyrannosaurus amplus (MARSH 1892)
= Stygivenator amplus (MARSH 1892) OLSHEVSKY, FORD & YAMAMOTO, 1995Lectotype: YPM 296
Locality: Peterson's Quarry, Niobrara County, Wyoming.
Horizon: Lance Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian age, upper Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material: Tooth.
= Aublysodon cristatus MARSH 1892
Etymology: Latin, cristatus, "crest."
= Deinodon cristatus (MARSH 1892)
= Stygivenator cristatus (MARSH, 1892) OLSHEVSKY, FORD & YAMAMOTO, 1995Lectotype: YPM 297
Locality: Niobrara County, Wyoming.
Horizon: Lance Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian age, upper Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material: Tooth.
= Dynamosaurus imperiosus OSBORN, 1905
Etymology: Latin, impero, "commanding or powerful."
= Tyrannosaurus imperiosus (OSBORN, 1905) OSBORN, 1906Holotype: BMNH R7994 (formerly AMNH 5866)
Locality. Seven Mile Creek, six miles north of Cheyenne River, Weston County, Wyoming.
Horizon: Lance Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian age, upper Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material: Right and left palatine, right and left dentary, fragmentary left femur, fragmentary right ilium, 2 sacral vertebrae and spines, atlas, axis, cervicals 3-9, cervico-dorsal 10-11, dorsal vertebrae.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Species: imperator PAUL, PERSONS IV & RAALTE, 2022
Etymology: Latin, imperator, "emperor."
= Tyrannosaurus stanwinstonorum PICKERING
1995
(nomen vanum)
Holotype: FMNH PR2081 (former Black Hills Institute of Geological Research “Sue” 2033)
Note: Also SDSMT 12047
New reconstruction of skull based on BHI cast.
Locality: Field Museum "Sue" locality, Maurice Williams’s Ranch, Cheyenne River Indian Reservation, near Faith, Meade County, South Dakota.
Horizon: Hell Creek Formation, about 15 feet above the contact with the Fox Hills Formation..
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian age, upper Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material: Complete skull, 9 cervical, 11 dorsal, 5 sacral, 36 caudal vertebrae,
25 chevrons, 13 cervical ribs, both proatlas, 19 dorsal ribs, both scapulae,
both coracoids, furcula, the right arm and most of the right hand, a complete
pelvic girdle, both legs, both calcanea and astrali, a tarsal, a nearly
complete right foot (missing only 2 bones), and a single pes phalnage from
the left foot.
Note: Possible half a furcula BROCHU, 2003
Note: Pathologies are healed osteomylitis
(infection) of the left fibula, healded proximal humerus, exuberant vertebral
osteophyte formation, and multiple bilaterally-present
erosive lesions primarily confined to the post-dentary mandibular elements.
No evidence of pre or peri-mortem bite marks (REGA, 2001, BROCHU, (2002)
2003). Furcula is also
pathologic (LARSON & RIGBY, 2005).
2 broken fibula, broken ribs with a tyrannosaur tooth in one, 2 broken caudal
vertebrae, injured lower jaw with malformed double cusped tooth
(LARSON & RIGBY, 2005, HAMM, HAMPE, SCHWARZ, WITZMANN, MAKOVICKY, BROCHU, REITER & ASBACH, 2020).
Note: Has erosive lesions, probably from Trichomonas gallinae-like protozoan on the dentary (WOLFF, SALISBURY, HORNER & VARRICCHIO, 2009) and on some of its theeth (BRINK, 2019). Lesion description: Round, tapered edge, rim thickening/remodelling, infrequent median process.
Found with Sue, a smaller adult male, a juvenile and infant.
A proximal tibia.
Partial fibula.
Partial tibia.
Cranial and front bones.
Note: This is a robust animal. (Female)
GATES, ZANNO & MAKOVICKY, 2015
FMNH PR 2902: Premaxilary tooth.
Referred material:
Locality:
Horizon: Lower Hell Creek Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian age, upper Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material:
BHI 6231: Robust humerus.
Locality:
Horizon: Lower Hell Creek Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian age, upper Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material:
RGM 792.000: Robust femur.
Nickname "Trix"
Locality:
Horizon: Lower Hell Creek Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian age, upper Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material:
TMT V2222: Marginally robust femur.
Locality: Wade Derflinger Ranch, near Usta, Perkins County, South Dakota.
Horizon: Lower Hell Creek Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian age, upper Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material:
BHI 6248 (E.E. Cope): Maxilla, dentary, ectopterygoid, angular, other undetermined skull bones, some vertebrae ribs, and concretion-encased bones.
Note: Much of the specimen is still unprepared.
CARPENTER pers comm
Locality: Haystack Butte about 15 miles east of Hoover, Butte County, South Dakota.
Horizon: Hell Creek Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian age, upper Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material:
SDSM 12047: Skull and partial Skeleton.
HAMM, MALLISON, HAMPE, SCHWARZ, MEWS, BLOBEL, ISSEVER & ASBACH, 2018Locality: Tristan dig site, on the private properrty of Niels Nielsen and Jens Peter Jensen, approximately 70 km from Ekalaka, 45.510324 latitude, 104.191821 longitude, Carter County, southeastern Montana.
Horizon:
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian age, upper Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material:
MB.R.91216: Fragmentary skull and skeleton (Tristan Otto)
LARSON, N., 2008
Locality: Near the Fort Peck Lake, Garfield County, Montana.
Horizon: Hell Creek Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian age, lower Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material:
MOR 1128 (G-rex): Incomplete dentary, 7 robust ribs, 4 dorsal, 1 caudal vertebrae, 3 cheverons, a partial scapula, both ischia, both pubes, left femur, and left tibia.
LARSON & RIGBY, 2005
Locality: On the ranch of Wade and Loren Derflinger, Perkins County, South Dakota.
Horizon: Hell Creek Formation, not far from above the contact of the Fox Hills Formation..
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian age, upper Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material:
TCM (CMI) 2001.90.1 (Bucky, formerly BHI 2960): 8 cervical, 9 dorsal, 5 sacral, 15 caudal vertebrae, 14 chevrons, 11 cervical ribs, 16 dorsal ribs, 24 gastralia, a complete furcula, scapulae, right coracoid, left ulna, 2 manus phalanges, ilia, ischia, 4 metatarsals, and 9 pes phalanges.
Note: Furcula is pathologic (LARSON, N., 2008).
SCHWEITZER, WITTMEYER & HORNER, 2005, LARSON, N., 2008
Locality: Near Fort Peck Lake, Charles M. Russell National Wildlife Refuge, Garfield County, Montana.
Horizon: Base of the Hell Creek Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian age, lower Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material:
MOR 1125 (Bob, B-rex): Both premaxilla, dentary, plus a few other skull bones, 3 cervical, 4 dorsal, 5 sacral, 12 caudal vertebrae, 7 chevrons, 4 cervical, 13 dorsal ribs, left scapula, left coracoid, furcula, left ulna, both femora, tibiae, fibulae, right calcaneum, right astragalus, and 11 pes phalanges.
Note: Soft tissue from the marrow of a left femur shows it is a female (SCHWEITZER, WITTMEYER & HORNER, 2005).
Note: Has skin impressions around the femur (SCHWEITZER, WITTMEYER & HORNER, 2004).
Note: Has erosive lesions, probably from Trichomonas gallinae-like protozoan on the dentary (WOLFF, SALISBURY, HORNER & VARRICCHIO, 2009) . Lesion description: Round, tapered edge, rim remodelled.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Species: megagracilis (PAUL, 1988) emend
Etymology:
= Albertosaurus cf lancensis MOLNAR, 1980
= Albertosaurus megagracilis PAUL, 1988
= Dinotyrannus megagracilis (PAUL, 1988) OLSHEVSKY, FORD & YAMAMOTO,
1995
Holotype: LACM 23845
Locality: On the Lester D. Engdahl Ranch, S34, T21N, R37E, near Jordan, Garfield County, Montana.
Horizon: Hell Creek Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian age, upper Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material: Nasals, fragmentary maxillae, fragmentary lachrymal, nearly complete frontals, braincase, anteromedial portion of the parietal, the medial portion of supraoccipital, fragmentary pterygoids, nearly complete quadratojugal, most of the right, but only fragments of the left surangular, left ulna lacking the radial and olecranal edges of the proximal articular surface, metacarpal II, manual ungual phalanx, proximal two-thirds of the left femur, proximal half of left tibia, right fibula, right astragalus, metatarsal II, distal half of metatarsal III, and pedal phalanges, (11 phalanges of the right pes are preserved, more or less complete.
Note: Found 2 feet above LACM 23844, in scrap piles that were created while bulldozing the overburden away from the lower T. rex (LARSON, N., 2008).
Referred material:
= Tyrannosaurus regina PAUL, PERSONS IV & RAALTE, 2022
Etymology: Latin, regina, "queen."Note: Paul et al, (2022) coined the name Tyrannosaurus regina, however, they also place Albertosaurus megagracilis (PAUL, 1988) = Dinotyrannus megagracilis (PAUL, 1988 [OLSHEVSKY, FORD & YAMAMOTO, 1995]) as a synonym, which takes precedence over Tyrannosaurus regina.
Locality: T-rex site, South side of Fort Peck Lake, McCone County, Montana.
Horizon: Hell Creek Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian age, upper Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material:
USNM 555000 (old MOR 555, Wankel rex, Devil Rex): Complete braincase, right dentary, left maxilla, nasals, vomer, both squamosals, both postorbitals, both quadrates and quadratojugals, both jugals, both lacrimals, both pterygoids, both epipterygoids, both scapulae, both coracoids, left arm and most of left hand (missing only 3 bones), complete legs and left foot (minus 1 phalange), plus right II, III, and V metatarsals, complete pelvis with sacrum, nearly all the dorsal and cervical vertebrae missing only the atlas, the first 14 caudal vertebrae pluse 1 additional, 6 cheverons, 4 dorsal ribs, and 5 cervical ribs.
Note: Bloodcells?
LARSON, P., & FREY, 1992, LARSON, N., 2008
Locality: Jon, Betty, and David Niemi Ranch, near Buffalo, Harding County, South Dakota.
Horizon: Hell Creek Formation, 16 m beneath the K-T boundary.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian age, upper Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material:
BHI 3033 (Stan): Nearly complete skull missing only the right articular and left coronid, both dentaries, 9 cervical, 14 dorsal, 5 sacral, 31 caudal vertebrae, 24 chevrons, 14 cervical ribs including the proatlas, 12 dorsal ribs, a nearly complete pelvic girdle (the distal ends of both ischia and pubes were weathered away), left femora, both tibiae, left fibula, both calcanea and astragali, 2 left metatarsals and 11 pes phalanges.
Note: This is a gracile animal (Male).
Note: Broken ribs, ankylosed cervicals, bitten and broken parietal, anomoalous oppeings in the right jugal and surangular (MOLNAR, 2001), tooth marks? holes, on the jugal and surangular (also possible made by manual claws) (ROTHSCHILDS, 2013).
\
LARSON & RIGBY, 2005
Locality: East of Fort Peck Lake, McCone County, Montana.
Horizon: Hell Creek Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian age, upper Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material:
MOR 980 (Rigby Rex, Peck's Rex): Braincase, both maxillae, both premaxillae, incomplete nasals (most of the right), right postorital, right jugal, both lacrimals, both quadrates, both quadratojugals, both dentaires, left splenial, left prearticular, right surangular, right angular, furcula, both scapulae, 1 coracoid, both humeri, metacarpal III, 3 manus phalanges, right leg with calcaneum, astragalus, 1 metatarsal, left ilium, partial right ilium, both pubes, both ischia, sacral vertebrae, some dorsal and cervical vertebrae, a string of 9 or 10 anterior caudal vertebrae most with chevrons, many dorsal ribs, some cervical ribs and a few gastralia.
Note: Possible pes ungual hole in the lower jaw (surangular) (ROTHSCHILDS, 2013).
Note: Furcula.
Note: Nicknamed "Peck's rex".
Note: Has erosive lesions, probably from Trichomonas gallinae-like protozoan on the dentary (WOLFF, SALISBURY, HORNER & VARRICCHIO, 2009). Lesion description: Round, to sub-oval, tapered edge, rim remodelling, minor lesions on opposite side.
BRAMAN, 1988, LARSON, N., 2008
Locality: Near the confluence of the Crowsnest and Willow Rivers (Crowsnest pass), Municipality of Crowsnest Pass, Alberta Province, Canada.
Horizon: Willow Creek Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian age, upper Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material:
RTMP 81.6.1 (Black beauty): Nearly complete skull, both dentaries, left splenial, and right angular, 5 cervical and 7 dorsal vertebrae, 2 cervical and 8 dorsal ribs, right humerus, a manus phalange, both femora, both tibiae, left fibula, calcaneum, and astragalus, 4 metatarsals and 5 pes phalanges.
PAUL, PERSONS IV & RAALTE, 2022
Locality:
Horizon: Hell Creek Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian age, upper Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material:
LL 12823: Gracile femur.
Locality:
Horizon: Hell Creek Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian age, upper Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material:
LACM 23485:
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As per PAUL, PERSONS IV & RAALTE, 2022
T. imperator or T. rex
Locality:
Horizon: Hell Creek Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian age, upper Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material:
BHI 6232:
BHI 6242: Robust femur.
Nicknameed "Henry"
Locality: Niobara County, Wyoming.
Horizon: Lance Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian age, upper Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material:
USNM 6183: Robust femur of a juvenile.
T. rex or T. regina
Locality:
Horizon: Hell Creek Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian age, upper Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material:
UWBM 99000:
LARSON, N., 2008
Locality: Jon, Betty, and David Niemi Ranch, near Buffalo, Harding County,
South Dakota.
Note: About a quarter mile south of the Duffy excavation site.
Horizon: Hell Creek Formation, about 16 m beneath the K-T boundary.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian age, upper Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material:
BHI 6249 (STEVEN): Right femur, 6 dorsal vertebrae (mostly incomplete), 5 doral ribs, 1 phalange and 2 incomplete skull bones.
Note: Some bones havee been bitten and chewed.
Note: Some eggshells found with skeleton, but it isn't know if they are tyrannosaurid or from another dinosaur.
Locality: Locality 36 of CARPENTER & YOUNG (2002), a housing development, Littleton, Arapahoe County, Colorado.
Horizon: Lower part of the Denver Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian age, upper Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material:
DMNH 2827: Left femur, iilum, scapula, coracoid, right tibia, fibula, astragalus, distal cuadal vertebrae, ribs and 3 teeth of a subadult.
Locality: On the Lester D. Engdahl Ranch (not, as originally noted, the F. S. McKeever Ranch), S34, T21N, R37E, near Jordan, Garfield County, Montana.
Horizon: Hell Creek Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian age, upper Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material:
LACM 23844: Right premaxilla, maxilla, postorbital, squamosal, pterygoid,
both jugals, both lacrimals, the left quadrate and quadratojugal, nasals,
frontals, the occipital, both prearticulars, 2 cervical, 7 dorsal and 4 caudal
vertebrae, 5 ribs, 10 chevrons, the right scapula, femur and astragalus,
both ischia, left tibia, 4 metatarsals and 10 pes phalanges and many are
incomplete.
Note: Pathological openings in the right surangulars.
Note: Stress fracture on a proximal phalanx (ROTHSCHILD & TANKE, 2005).
Locality: Hager T-rex site, Garfield County, Montana.
Horizon: Hell Creek.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian age, upper Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material:
MOR 009 (Formerly GE-69-1) (Hager rex): Articulated skull, eroded to the midline, medial surfaces of many of the elements are exposed, parts of 4 ribs, 22 caudal vertebrae, 7 chevrons, the right ilia, both ischia, both pubes, right femur, incomplete left femur, incomplete tibiae, right fibula, right astragalus, 4 metatarsals, and 7 pes phalanges.
CURRIE pers comm., LARSON, N., 2008
Locality: Dry Island Buffalo Jump Provincial Park, 40 miles north of the Tyrrell Museum of Paleontology, near Huxley, Kneehill County, Alberta Province, Canada.
Horizon: Scollard Formation, Uppermost Edmonton Group.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian Age, uppermost Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material:
Never collected: Eroded skull.
RTMP 81.12.1 (Huxley T. rex): Only the right postorbital exists, 9 anterior caudals, 5 anterior chevrons, part of the sacrum, 7 anterior dorsal vertebrae, 1 rib, both ilia, left ischium, left pubis, both femora, both tibiae, both fibulae, right astragalus and calcanium, 2 right tarsals, 1 metatarsals, adn 7 pes phalanges from the right foot.
TANKE pers comm.
Locality: Garfield County? Montana.
Horizon: Hell Creek Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian age, upper Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material:
UCMP 118742: Right maxilla, and tip of a dentary of a very large Tyrannosaurus.
Insufficient proportional and/or stratigraphic information for a species assignment:
Locality: Near Dry Creek, McCone County, Montana.
Horizon: Hell Creek Formation, 220 feet above the Bearpaw Shale.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian age, upper Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
AMNH 5027: Skull and jaws,
cervical, dorsal, and most of caudal vertebrae, ribs, cervical ribs,
ilium, pubis and
ischium
of
a more
gracile
individual.
Note: Paleopathologies, dorsals 7 and 8 exhibit pathological fusion of
the centra (NEWMAN, 1970, the centra of cervical 10 and dorsal 1 are
also fused
(ROTHSCHILD, 1997). Nasal claw groove on the nasal, and the post-orbital
has a large hole, made by a pes claw (ROTHSCHILD, 2013).
Front view of the skull; A) after Osborn, 1912; B) new reconstruction.
Locality: Snyder Creek, Niobrara County, Wyoming.
Horizon: Lance Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian age, upper Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material:
CM 1400: Left maxilla, premaxilla, pterygoid, nasals, cranium (braincase)
and both lower jaws, two dorsal, seven caudal vertebrae, ribs, chevrons,
part
of pubis,
ilium,
femur
and other
bones.
Note: Maxilla in Fiorillo, 1991.
Locality: T-rex skull site, Near Custer, Gairfield County, Montana.
Horizon: Hell Creek Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian age, upper Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material:
MOR 008: Skull missing only the left premaxilla, the right palatine, the
right epiptergoid, and the vomer, the lower jaw is missing the splineals,
the coronoids, the right dentary, and left prearticular, and has the atlas.
Note: Palaeopathologies, pathological openings in the right surangulars, the
squamosal articular surface of the right quadrate is rugose and partly hemispherical
in form (MOLNAR, 2001). The dentary has a hole possibly made by a pedal
ungual (ROTHSCHILDS, 2013).
Locality:
Horizon: Hell Creek Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian age, upper Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material:
AMNH 30564:
RMDRC 2002.MT-001: Robust femur.
Tyrannosauridae incertae sedis
Locality:
Horizon: Hell Creek Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian age, upper Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material:
BMRP 2006.4.4:
DDM 344.1:
RSM 2990.1:
RSM 2347.1:
TMM 46028-1:
MOLNAR, 1978
Locality: ? Northwestern South Dakota.
Horizon: Lance Formation?
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian age, upper Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material:
MMS 51-2004 (Minnesota Museum of Science): Left frontal.
= Species nova LAWSON, 1972 (chironym)
Etymology:
= Tyrannosaurus rex LAWSON, 1976/LEHMAN, 1985
Holotype: TMM 41436-1
Locality: Northeast part of the Big Bend National Park, Brewster County, Texas.
Horizon: Tornillo Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Lancian age, upper Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material: Left Maxilla.
LOEWEN, SAMPSON, GETTY & DIFLEY, 2001, DIFLEY & EKDALE, 2002, SAMPSON & LOWEN, 2005
Locality: Manti La-Sal National Forest, Near Price, Carbon County, Central Utah.
Horizon: North Horn Formation.
Biostratigraphy: Unit 1B
Age: Lancian age, upper Maastrichtian Stage, uppermost Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material:
UMNH 11000: Nearly complete right postorbital and squamoal, cervical vertebrae
3, 4, sacral vertebrae 2, 3, 4, and a series of mid-caudal vertebrae perhaps
10-16, chevrons cranial to each ca6, 13-17, along with a single mid-dorsal
rib, distal blade of right ilium, left pubic peduncle, proximal end of left
ischium, left tibia, fibula and astragalus.
Note: Palopathologies on the fibula and 4 other unidentified elements.
UMNH VP7513: Claw.
UMNH VP7626: Partial tooth.
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Species: mcraeensis DALMAN, LOEWEN, PYRON, JASINSKI, MALINZAK, LUCAS, FIORILLO, CURRIE & LONGRICH, 2024
Etymology: In reference to the mcRae Group of wetern New Mexico.
= Tyrannosaurus rex WOLBERG, LONZINSKY & HUNT, 1986, WILLIAMSON & CARR, 2005
Holotype: NMMNH P-3698 (old NMMNH P-1013-1)
Locality: NMMNH Locality 343, Staton-LaPoint locality, 1.1 km north of Kettle Top Butte on the eastern shore of Elephant Butte Reservoir, New Mexico.
Horizon: Hall Lake Formation, McRae Group.
Note: Old Hall Lake Member, McRae Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Latest Campanian-lower Maastrichtian Stage, Senonian subepoch, Upper Gulf epoch, Late Cretaceous.
Material: Left dentary, fragments of maxilla, right palatine (misidentified as an incomplete articular), a right prearticular, right squamosal, right postorbital, splenial, incomplete teeth, and one nearly complete chevron.
Note: The dentary has a hole possibly made by the manus claw (ROTHSCHILDS, 2013).
